Test-retest reliability of spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic measures in marker-based 3D gait analysis: A systematic review.
Gait PostureJun 29, 2026 (epub)
Clinical ResearchPhysical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Brian Horsak, Andreas Kranzl, Djordje Slijepcevic et al.
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In 30 seconds
This systematic review evaluated the test-retest reliability of spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic measures in marker-based 3D gait analysis across 34 studies involving 762 participants. The review found low Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) values for overground walking, with a walking speed SEM of 0.06 m/s and joint kinematic SEMs of 2.4° in the sagittal plane.
Key findings
- Walking speed SEM for overground walking was 0.06 m/s.
- Joint kinematic SEMs were 2.4° (sagittal), 1.9° (frontal), and 3.3° (transverse).
- Joint-kinetic SEMs were approximately 0.06, 0.04, and 0.03 Nm/kg for respective planes.
- More evidence was found for overground walking compared to treadmill walking.
Why it matters
Understanding the reliability of gait analysis measures is crucial for clinicians to accurately assess patient progress and treatment efficacy. The provided SEM values serve as benchmarks for interpreting changes in gait characteristics over time.