Exercise training for executive function in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and practice implications.

In 30 seconds

This systematic review assessed exercise interventions lasting at least four weeks and executive-function outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes. Of 7,641 records identified, 16 studies met inclusion criteria, including 11 randomized controlled trials. Overall, 63% of studies and 82% of RCTs reported directional findings favoring exercise. Combined aerobic and resistance training had the most consistent favorable direction, but the review did not establish a definitive optimal exercise prescription; confidence was limited by methodological heterogeneity and the absence of pooled effect estimates.

Key findings

• Directional findings favored exercise in 63% of included studies and 82% of randomized controlled trials.
• Combined aerobic and resistance training showed the most consistent directional findings favoring executive-function outcomes.
• Higher intensity and cognitively engaging motor tasks were more frequently associated with findings favoring exercise.

Why it matters

Executive-function impairment is a concern in type 2 diabetes, and this review suggests structured exercise may support cognitive health. The findings offer a basis for designing further trials, while the lack of pooled estimates and limited certainty mean that the magnitude and reliability of benefit remain unclear.

What to keep in mind

Methodological heterogeneity and the absence of pooled effect estimates limited confidence in the findings.