Time-dependent changes in cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in NORSE and FIRES: A systematic review.
Zhi-Ying Phong, Kheng-Seang Lim, Won Fen Wong et al.
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In 30 seconds
This systematic review examined the temporal changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine profiles in patients with new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) and febrile infection-related refractory status epilepticus (FIRES). The review included 42 studies and found that proinflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-6, showed significant fluctuations over the first three weeks post-seizure onset, with IL-1β levels increasing from 1.3 ± 1.9 pg/ml at week 1 to a peak of 2.8 ± 2.5 pg/ml at week 2.
Key findings
- CSF IL-1β levels increased from 1.3 ± 1.9 pg/ml at week 1 to 2.8 ± 2.5 pg/ml at week 2.
- CSF IL-8 levels rose from 974.7 ± 1489.7 pg/ml at week 1 to 1336.0 ± 2082.2 pg/ml at week 2.
- CSF IL-6 levels peaked at 349.7 ± 559.5 pg/ml at week 1, declining to 93.1 ± 182.7 pg/ml by week 2.
Why it matters
Understanding the temporal dynamics of cytokine levels in CSF can aid clinicians in interpreting these biomarkers effectively, potentially guiding immunotherapy decisions in patients with NORSE and FIRES during critical early stages of the disease.