Non-invasive neurostimulation for enhancing peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
J Psychiatr ResAug 6, 2026 (epub)
Clinical ResearchPsychiatry
Jing Ni, Meng-Xuan Qiao, Yun-Ge Lin et al.
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In 30 seconds
This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) on peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Analyzing 16 randomized controlled trials with 1271 participants, the study found that NIBS significantly increased peripheral BDNF levels (SMD = 1.05) and reduced depressive symptoms (SMD = -0.90), indicating a potential biomarker for treatment response.
Key findings
- NIBS significantly increased peripheral BDNF levels (SMD = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.57 to 1.52, p < 0.001).
- NIBS reduced depressive symptoms (SMD = -0.90, 95% CI: -1.13 to -0.67, p < 0.001).
- Extended rTMS protocols (≥4 weeks) were associated with greater BDNF increases than shorter durations.
- rTMS significantly increased BDNF levels, while tDCS did not.
Why it matters
The findings suggest that NIBS may enhance peripheral BDNF levels, which could serve as a biomarker for treatment response in MDD. This insight may guide clinicians in evaluating the efficacy of neuromodulation therapies.