Ultrasound protocols used to detect vascular gas emboli in divers: a systematic review.
Benjamin L Turner, Thijs T Wingelaar, Feiko Jm de Jong et al.
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In 30 seconds
This systematic review evaluated the use of two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography protocols for detecting venous gas emboli (VGE) in divers, analyzing studies published since 2015. Twenty studies were included, revealing that the Eftedal-Brubakk scale was the most frequently utilized. The review highlighted significant methodological inconsistencies and a lack of adherence to consensus recommendations.
Key findings
- The Eftedal-Brubakk scale was used in 15 out of 20 studies reviewed.
- Most studies focused on cardiac ultrasound, with limited peripheral vessel assessment.
- Post-dive measurements were often conducted for less than two hours.
- No study fully complied with all consensus recommendations.
Why it matters
Understanding the effectiveness and limitations of 2D ultrasonography for VGE detection is crucial for improving monitoring protocols in diving medicine, potentially enhancing diver safety and outcomes.
What to keep in mind
The review noted methodological heterogeneity and common shortcomings, including limited individual-level data and underreporting of operator experience.