Epigenetic Programming of Stress-Response Systems: A Systematic Review of How Early Life Stress Shapes Developmental Trajectories of Mental Health.
Nesrullah Okan, Nihat Köse
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In 30 seconds
This systematic review examines how early life stress (ELS) influences mental health development through epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation, in 14 empirical human studies. The review highlights that ELS is linked to persistent epigenetic changes in genes regulating the HPA axis, affecting emotional regulation and increasing vulnerability to psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety.
Key findings
- ELS is associated with persistent epigenetic modifications in genes regulating stress-response systems.
- Altered DNA methylation patterns in genes like NR3C1 and FKBP5 are linked to increased vulnerability to psychiatric conditions.
- Early childhood is identified as a critical period for the impact of ELS on biological systems.
- Some epigenetic profiles may exhibit partial plasticity in response to environmental changes.
Why it matters
Understanding the epigenetic impact of early life stress on mental health can inform prevention and intervention strategies. Clinicians should recognize the long-term effects of early environmental factors on emotional regulation and psychiatric risk.
What to keep in mind
The review notes methodological heterogeneity among studies, including variability in developmental stages and measurement approaches.