Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: A Systematic Review of Academic Performance and Well-Being in University Students.
Elhadi Miskeen, Mashael Obaid F Alsaadi, Atheer Hameed Alqarni et al.
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In 30 seconds
This systematic review synthesized 11 observational, cross-sectional studies of female medical and health sciences students published between January 2014 and December 2024. Reported PMS prevalence ranged from 37.0% to 86.2%, while probable PMDD ranged from 13.8% to 66.9%; PMDD estimates came from questionnaire screening, not prospective diagnostic confirmation. Premenstrual symptoms were associated with impaired concentration, absenteeism, reduced class participation, lower perceived academic performance, and poorer psychological well-being. The wide prevalence ranges reflect variation across studies and should not be interpreted as confirmed diagnostic rates.
Key findings
- PMS prevalence estimates ranged from 37.0% to 86.2% among the included student populations.
- Probable PMDD estimates ranged from 13.8% to 66.9%, based on questionnaire screening rather than prospective diagnostic confirmation.
- Premenstrual symptoms were associated with impaired concentration, absenteeism, reduced class participation, and lower perceived academic performance.
- Symptoms were also associated with poorer psychological well-being; reported associated factors included severe dysmenorrhea, academic stress, and low physical activity.
Why it matters
The review highlights that premenstrual symptoms may coincide with meaningful academic and well-being difficulties in medical and health sciences students. Recognizing these reported associations can inform proportionate institutional support and attention to menstrual health, while the variable prevalence estimates caution against treating screening results as confirmed diagnoses.
What to keep in mind
All 11 studies were cross-sectional and observational, with heterogeneous diagnostic criteria and outcome measures. These features limit causal inference and generalizability; probable PMDD estimates relied on questionnaire screening rather than prospective diagnostic confirmation.